Half the Land on Earth Can Still Be Saved from Damage

It cannot be denied, humans have drastically changed and destroyed nature for a certain purpose.

Even so, in a recent study, scientists compared numbers from four different spatial data sets to answer this question. The results show that about half (48-56%) of the world's land mass has low human influence.

"Although human land use increases the threat to the Earth's natural habitat, but half of its territory is still in accordance with the initial conditions and has not been converted," said Erle Ellis, an environmental scientist from the University of Maryland-Baltimore County.

The figure highlights land that has not been touched by humans significantly so that it can still be protected through conservation. However, on the other hand, the results of the study also illustrate how many regions of the Earth have been occupied, disturbed, and utilized by humans.

Seen from the ice-free surface, only a quarter of the land area (20-34%) shows signs of human influence with 'very low'. Most of the area became "some of the least habitable places on Earth".

From mitigating the effects of climate change to recycling nutrients and providing fresh air, land that is not touched by humans, plays an important role for the ecosystems that exist on this planet.

"Areas that are not affected by humans have landscapes with extreme weather. For example, boreal and tundra forests that are in cold areas or dry landscapes such as deserts, "said the researchers in their study.

In other words, whether through urbanization, conversion of forests, agriculture, or other means, humans have had the greatest influence on the biodiversity landscape - presenting a mature opportunity to change them according to human needs.

In contrast, the hot desert in the hottest places in the world, or abandoned land in the coldest areas, has been ignored.

According to the researchers, the results of this latest study provide us with clear and strong markers of conservation efforts. That we can prevent future damage by safeguarding areas that have not been affected by humans while restoring areas that have been exploited.

We need to act quickly if we want to protect or restore an area that has so far been damaged by human hands. Researchers reveal, only about 15% of the planet is under the protection of environmental policies, while the rest is eroded easily.

"The exciting thing about this study is that if we act quickly and decisively, then we can protect half of the Earth in one piece," said Jason Riggio, conservation biologist at UC Davis and lead author of the study.

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Arctic Ocean Acidification Is Worse and Threatens the Food Chain

A recent study revealed that acidification in the Arctic Sea is expected to worsen due to the absorption of large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2). Increased CO2 causes cold northern waters to become more acidic. In the end, it causes the decay of hard-shelled marine animals such as shells and "sea butterflies".

Sea water absorbs CO2 as part of the natural climate cycle. According to the NOAA Carbon Program, it triggers a series of chemical reactions that reduce the pH of concentrations of seawater and carbonate ions.

Mollusks, coral reefs, and crustaceans pull these carbonate ions from sea water to create their hard shells. In other words, decreasing ion levels causes their shells to weaken over time. Since these animals play an important role at the bottom of the sea food chain, their effects can affect the predator level.

To ensure their research, researchers from the University of Bern used the current climate model. They simulate how the formation of the Arctic sea and its "carbon inventory" will change based on surface water.

Greater regional anthropogenic carbon storage and ocean acidification are expected to worsen.

The Arctic Ocean will absorb 20% more CO2 if warming rates continue to increase. This will cause a decrease in calcite by the end of the century and worsen climate change.

"These events lead to substantial ocean acidification, especially at depths of 200 to 1,000 meters. This has important implications for the food chain of large fish and marine mammals that depend on calcium carbonate animals, "said Jens Terhaar, a member of the marine modeling group of the Oeschger-Center for Climate Change Research at the University of Bern.

The researchers concluded that this finding has "major implications" for the sensitive and already vulnerable Arctic marine ecosystem due to the effects of climate change and human activities.

The habitat available for key species is likely to continue to decline - affecting all levels of the food web. Acidification is stated to "negatively affect the growth, survival, and behavior" of important species.

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Interesting Discovery, One Soil Tea Spoon in the Amazon Contains 400 Mushrooms

One teaspoon of soil in the Amazon contains 1,800 microscopic life forms - 400 of which are mushrooms.

Surprisingly, fungus abounds in the Amazon jungle land. In fact, most of the total 3.8 million mushrooms in the world have not been officially classified.

To help protect the Amazon rainforest, which is threatened to disappear at an increasingly rapid pace, it is important to understand the role of mold, said the research team led by Prof. Alexandre Antonelli, director of science at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew on the BBC website.

"Take a teaspoon of soil and you will find hundreds or thousands of species," he said. "Mushrooms are the next frontier of biodiversity science."

To find out about soil from the Amazon rainforest, the researchers collected soil samples and leaf litter from four regions.


Genetic analysis revealed hundreds of different fungi, including mosses, fungi that live in plant roots, and pathogenic fungi, which are mostly unknown or very rare. Most species have not yet been named and investigated.

The natural open grassland area, known as campinas, is the richest habitat for mushrooms. They can help the soil to take in more nutrients.

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